La importancia de las etiquetas EPC sobre las preferencias residenciales: un análisis para Barcelona

En España la Directiva Europea de Eficiencia Energética se ha traspuesto con retraso y ha coincidido de pleno con la crisis inmobiliaria. Por tanto, el análisis de las preferencias de los hogares en relación a la eficiencia energética medida a través de las energy performance certificates es difícil. Para salvar este escollo, en este trabajo utilizamos métodos afiliados a las preferencias declaradas para analizar hasta qué punto la eficiencia energética constituye un atributo relevante en la elección residencial. Los resultados sugieren que si los hogares son informados sobre las repercusiones económicas y ambientales en unidades ilustrativas comprensibles entonces es posible que la política energética tenga los efectos esperados en el mercado inmobiliario; y, por ende, que se forme una sobredisposición a pagar por las viviendas más eficientes.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Real estate and sustainable construction: private perspectives for progress in energy regulation of a liberalised market

In real estate markets such as Santiago de Chile where energy efficiency certificates are not mandatory, incorporating solutions that respond to the growing demand for sustainability entails a natural tension between their acceptance as necessary measures and the way they are addressed by the market. Under this mechanism, the market has introduced housing features that are communicated individually through real estate marketing. Energy efficient elements are more commonly seen in higher-end homes, where they are treated as standard features, while they are still considered innovations at the lower end of the housing market. However, it has been shown that energy efficient features decline in relative importance over time, ceasing to be considered marks of distinction. In contrast, energy efficiency certification shows great potential for generating a proposal to create sustainable value over time, particularly due to its ability to objectively communicate a buildings’ energy performance. This suggests that this model should be reviewed from a public policy perspective, with the understanding that the current voluntary standards must compete with other features, in addition to improving the minimum required standards.Postprint (published version

Energy-efficient real estate or how it is perceived by potential homebuyers in four Latin American countries

This article analyses how energy efficiency regulatory frameworks have been developed in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Chile, within a context of developing countries, and it discusses if this context has been able to influence a culture of buildings’ energy efficiency in consumers. An online survey was applied to consumers who wanted to buy a house, aiming to understand their position regarding sustainability, and the role of the state versus the individual role, among other issues. The aim of the study is to identify consumer’s perception of energy efficiency and sustainability to promote a future research agenda in the Latin American context. In general, consumers value sustainability, except when they are presented in opposition to economic growth and social protection. However, it is possible to identify differences between Chile, with an established neoliberal economy, and countries that have economies in transition. Indeed, Argentina and Brazil show differences in terms of the role of the State, or the thermal comfort, which is considered a matter of habits rather than a mere technological problem. For driving more sustainable behaviours, consumers should be engaged in the implementation of these standards, creating a twofold process including homebuyers on one hand and mandatory requirements on the other.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Comportamiento termico de edificios de departamentos en Santiago de Chile: segmentación de nichos en el mercado inmobiliario privado a partir de las exigencias de la reglamentación térmica nacional

Santiago, capital de la República de Chile, se sitúa en el valle central del país en los 33º 27’ de latitud sur y 70º 42’ de longitud oeste, presentando un clima templado cálido con una estación seca prolongada de 7 a 8 meses de duración. La temperatura media anual es de 12,2°C y la oscilación térmica es considerable: hay casi 13°C de diferencia en la temperatura media entre el mes más cálido (enero) y el más frío (julio) y la diferencia entre las medias de las temperaturas máximas y mínimas para todos los meses del año fluctúan entre 10 y 16°C. De acuerdo a datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas de Chile (INE), el 37,4% de los permisos de edificación de viviendas nuevas del 2006, declara que el ladrillo es su material predominante de muros, mientras que otro 36,0% está asociado con el hormigón armado. Dada la generalmente nula presencia de aislación térmica en estos sistemas constructivos y su alta inercia térmica de absorción, se podría esperar para Santiago un comportamiento térmico - en términos de confort - más bien desfavorable en invierno y favorable en verano. Sin embargo, estudios recientes presentan un escenario opuesto, dado que un gran porcentaje de usuarios encuestados acusa un alto nivel de sobrecalentamiento en sus viviendas. Esta aparente contradicción podría entenderse desde las limitaciones propias de esta base datos del INE del año 2006, puesto que por ejemplo, no refleja el impacto de la implementación de la 2° etapa de la Reglamentación Térmica nacional. Esta regulación, en vigencia desde enero de 2007, establece valores máximos de transmitancia térmica admisible para los diversos elementos de la envolvente de una vivienda. A partir del valor exigido en muros en Santiago (1,9 W/m2K), los nuevos edificios de departamentos han tenido que necesariamente incorporar al menos 10 mm de aislante térmico en su envolvente vertical, modificando su comportamiento térmico tanto en invierno como en verano.Este artículo propone la simulación del desempeño energético y condiciones de confort térmico para invierno y verano, de edificios de departamentos en Santiago para estratos socioeconómicos medios y medios altos, con el objetivo de establecer los impactos de las soluciones constructivas adoptadas en estos. Estas simulaciones numéricas se realizarán sobre tipologías de productos de vivienda ofertadas en el mercado privado durante el periodo 2006-2007, incorporando su materialidad y los datos de mercado, precios y atributos inmobiliarios, según datos de oferta del Portalinmobiliario.com. Estas tipologías de vivienda se traducirán en nichos, los cuales serán determinados a partir de la generación de grupos homogéneos de viviendas mediante a la técnica de generación de conglomerados, sobre las variables de cada producto inmobiliario. Estos grupos de viviendas se encontrarán en los mismos sub mercados inmobiliarios, evaluándose diferentes combinaciones de atributos asociados a las materialidades. Las simulaciones numéricas del comportamiento térmico en invierno y en verano, se realizan mediante el software de evaluación de desempeño energético TAS, mediante un sistema dinámico que calcula las condiciones de las viviendas en régimen horario, evaluando las condiciones de confort térmico. Se espera probar que las soluciones técnico-arquitectónicas actuales, y su interpretación de la Reglamentación Térmica vigente, generan desfavorables condiciones de confort independiente del nicho de mercado donde estén compitiendo. Estas conclusiones permitirán establecer desafíos y oportunidades para el mercado inmobiliario privado, tanto en términos de tecnología de la construcción, como en el diseño arquitectónico, permitiendo el desarrollo de nuevas propuestas para integrar las exigencias de la Reglamentación Térmica nacional a la realidad del mercado de vivienda privada.Santiago de Chile (33°27’S and 70°42’W), capital city of the country, is placed in the central valley. It has a Mediterranean climate with a long dry season (between 7 and 8 months). Its annual average temperature is 12,2°C, whereas the thermal oscillation is considerable: there is almost 13°C between January and July average temperatures (hottest and coldest months, respectively) and the difference between maximum and minimum temperatures ranges between 10°C and 16°C during all the year. According to the National Statistics Institute, 37.4% and 36.0% of new housing during 2006 were built using mainly brick masonry and concrete in their walls, respectively. In both cases, thermal insulation was not generally considered. On the contrary for the heating period, a favorable thermal performance in summer should be expected (low thermal insulation in combination to high thermal mass). However, some recent studies show the completely opposite scenario, since an important percentage of users declare overheating in their own dwellings. This apparent contradiction could be understood from a database limitation, due to these official data do not reflect the impact of the current thermal regulation, which is in force since January 2007. Notwithstanding the required standards are weak in comparison to the international state-of-art (e.g. 1,9 W/m2K as maximum U-value for walls in Santiago), nowadays apartment buildings in Santiago are including at least 20 mm of thermal insulation in their walls to give compliance to the code. This paper proposes a series of dynamic thermal simulations to apartment buildings in Santiago, with the aim of establish the impact of different constructive solutions by means of thermal behavior, both in winter and summer. These digital models are statistically based on the typologies offered in the private real estate market during both periods 2001-2002 and 2006-2007, according to a database from Portalinmobiliario.com. These were determined using a multivariate analysis of their attributes – producing homogeneous market niches - through the hierarchical clustering technique. These homogeneous niches were identified in the real estate private submarkets, assessing different attributes. Thermal simulations were made using the TAS software, a dynamic-state digital tool. According to the results, the implementation of the thermal regulation – intended mainly to reduce heating consumption – have produced unfavorable comfort conditions in all the studied market niches, in comparison with the business as usual scenario. These conclusions allow establishing challenges and opportunities for the private real estate market, in order to integrate new thermal regulations with the private market reality.Peer Reviewe

Impact of the current Thermal Regulation in the private real estate market in Santiago de Chile

Presentació en Power-PointPeer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Sustainability attributes in real estate development: Private Perspectives on advancing energy regulation in a liberalized market

© 2018 by the authors. In real estate markets where energy efficiency certificates are not mandatory, such asSantiago in Chile, incorporating solutions that respond to the growing demand for sustainabilityentails a natural tension between their acceptance as necessary measures and the way they areaddressed by the market. Under this mechanism, sustainability attributes have been introducedthat are communicated individually through real estate promotion. A methodology consisting oftwo approaches was utilized to investigate the cross-validation of attributes, in terms of supply anddemand, and the evolution of them in 8255 real estate advertisements for the period 2012-2017. Theirpositioning was more evident in higher-value homes, where they were identified as consolidatedattributes, while they are considered innovations at the lower end of the market. However, asevidence suggests, sustainability attributes decline in relative importance over time, ceasing to beconsidered marks of distinction. This suggests that this model should be reviewed from a publicpolicy perspective, with the understanding that the current voluntary standards must compete withother attributes. At the same time, it is necessary to make progress in the improvement of theobligatory minimum standards with the objective of establishing a more demanding baseline thatincentivizes competitiveness in the market.Postprint (published version

Does energy efficiency matter to real estate-consumers? Survey evidence on willingness to pay from a cost-optimal analysis in the context of a developing country

In most countries, energy efficiency at the residential level has been largely delegated to the dynamics of realestate markets after setting a minimum level. This regulatory definition is in certain cases supplemented by energy performance certificates, such as in the case of the European Union. This approach is based on the understanding that avoided energy-consumption costs positively affect the willingness to pay for them, thus leading to higher prices capable of offsetting production costs and thereby encouraging developers. The case of the private housing market in Santiago de Chile was selected as a reference for a developing country in which energy performance certificates, although they exist as an instrument, are not required to be applied in property transactions. However, unlike most of the research performed in developed countries, it is difficult to analyse price formation using methods based on observed preferences in areas in which there are few energy-certified buildings. Using the technique of contingent valuation, such as the method based on stated preferences, enables one to overcome this difficulty. This article investigates willingness to pay for improvements in the energy efficiency of buyers for new homes based on a representative investment/operation cost analysis. This approach has been addressed to open the debate on the convenience of modify the national construction code and rethink the energy certification scheme as well as an exploratory study to undercover further research lines to support the aforementioned debate. The results suggests that there is a number of potential home buyers ready to pay for energy efficiency when they are informed on the cost savings associated to structural modifications and the cost of providing such improvements and such willingness to pay is not monolithic across the respondents, but seems to be influenced by the education level plausibly associated to the purchase power.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Comportamiento termico de edificios de departamentos en Santiago de Chile: segmentación de nichos en el mercado inmobiliario privado a partir de las exigencias de la reglamentación térmica nacional

Santiago, capital de la República de Chile, se sitúa en el valle central del país en los 33º 27’ de latitud sur y 70º 42’ de longitud oeste, presentando un clima templado cálido con una estación seca prolongada de 7 a 8 meses de duración. La temperatura media anual es de 12,2°C y la oscilación térmica es considerable: hay casi 13°C de diferencia en la temperatura media entre el mes más cálido (enero) y el más frío (julio) y la diferencia entre las medias de las temperaturas máximas y mínimas para todos los meses del año fluctúan entre 10 y 16°C. De acuerdo a datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas de Chile (INE), el 37,4% de los permisos de edificación de viviendas nuevas del 2006, declara que el ladrillo es su material predominante de muros, mientras que otro 36,0% está asociado con el hormigón armado. Dada la generalmente nula presencia de aislación térmica en estos sistemas constructivos y su alta inercia térmica de absorción, se podría esperar para Santiago un comportamiento térmico - en términos de confort - más bien desfavorable en invierno y favorable en verano. Sin embargo, estudios recientes presentan un escenario opuesto, dado que un gran porcentaje de usuarios encuestados acusa un alto nivel de sobrecalentamiento en sus viviendas. Esta aparente contradicción podría entenderse desde las limitaciones propias de esta base datos del INE del año 2006, puesto que por ejemplo, no refleja el impacto de la implementación de la 2° etapa de la Reglamentación Térmica nacional. Esta regulación, en vigencia desde enero de 2007, establece valores máximos de transmitancia térmica admisible para los diversos elementos de la envolvente de una vivienda. A partir del valor exigido en muros en Santiago (1,9 W/m2K), los nuevos edificios de departamentos han tenido que necesariamente incorporar al menos 10 mm de aislante térmico en su envolvente vertical, modificando su comportamiento térmico tanto en invierno como en verano.Este artículo propone la simulación del desempeño energético y condiciones de confort térmico para invierno y verano, de edificios de departamentos en Santiago para estratos socioeconómicos medios y medios altos, con el objetivo de establecer los impactos de las soluciones constructivas adoptadas en estos. Estas simulaciones numéricas se realizarán sobre tipologías de productos de vivienda ofertadas en el mercado privado durante el periodo 2006-2007, incorporando su materialidad y los datos de mercado, precios y atributos inmobiliarios, según datos de oferta del Portalinmobiliario.com. Estas tipologías de vivienda se traducirán en nichos, los cuales serán determinados a partir de la generación de grupos homogéneos de viviendas mediante a la técnica de generación de conglomerados, sobre las variables de cada producto inmobiliario. Estos grupos de viviendas se encontrarán en los mismos sub mercados inmobiliarios, evaluándose diferentes combinaciones de atributos asociados a las materialidades. Las simulaciones numéricas del comportamiento térmico en invierno y en verano, se realizan mediante el software de evaluación de desempeño energético TAS, mediante un sistema dinámico que calcula las condiciones de las viviendas en régimen horario, evaluando las condiciones de confort térmico. Se espera probar que las soluciones técnico-arquitectónicas actuales, y su interpretación de la Reglamentación Térmica vigente, generan desfavorables condiciones de confort independiente del nicho de mercado donde estén compitiendo. Estas conclusiones permitirán establecer desafíos y oportunidades para el mercado inmobiliario privado, tanto en términos de tecnología de la construcción, como en el diseño arquitectónico, permitiendo el desarrollo de nuevas propuestas para integrar las exigencias de la Reglamentación Térmica nacional a la realidad del mercado de vivienda privada.Santiago de Chile (33°27’S and 70°42’W), capital city of the country, is placed in the central valley. It has a Mediterranean climate with a long dry season (between 7 and 8 months). Its annual average temperature is 12,2°C, whereas the thermal oscillation is considerable: there is almost 13°C between January and July average temperatures (hottest and coldest months, respectively) and the difference between maximum and minimum temperatures ranges between 10°C and 16°C during all the year. According to the National Statistics Institute, 37.4% and 36.0% of new housing during 2006 were built using mainly brick masonry and concrete in their walls, respectively. In both cases, thermal insulation was not generally considered. On the contrary for the heating period, a favorable thermal performance in summer should be expected (low thermal insulation in combination to high thermal mass). However, some recent studies show the completely opposite scenario, since an important percentage of users declare overheating in their own dwellings. This apparent contradiction could be understood from a database limitation, due to these official data do not reflect the impact of the current thermal regulation, which is in force since January 2007. Notwithstanding the required standards are weak in comparison to the international state-of-art (e.g. 1,9 W/m2K as maximum U-value for walls in Santiago), nowadays apartment buildings in Santiago are including at least 20 mm of thermal insulation in their walls to give compliance to the code. This paper proposes a series of dynamic thermal simulations to apartment buildings in Santiago, with the aim of establish the impact of different constructive solutions by means of thermal behavior, both in winter and summer. These digital models are statistically based on the typologies offered in the private real estate market during both periods 2001-2002 and 2006-2007, according to a database from Portalinmobiliario.com. These were determined using a multivariate analysis of their attributes – producing homogeneous market niches - through the hierarchical clustering technique. These homogeneous niches were identified in the real estate private submarkets, assessing different attributes. Thermal simulations were made using the TAS software, a dynamic-state digital tool. According to the results, the implementation of the thermal regulation – intended mainly to reduce heating consumption – have produced unfavorable comfort conditions in all the studied market niches, in comparison with the business as usual scenario. These conclusions allow establishing challenges and opportunities for the private real estate market, in order to integrate new thermal regulations with the private market reality.Peer Reviewe

Comportamiento termico de edificios de departamentos en Santiago de Chile: segmentación de michos en el mercado inmobiliario privado a partir de las exigencias de la reglamentación térmica nacional

Postprint (published version

LOMO CARDONES. CRUZ DEL HERRERO [Material gráfico]

Copia digital. Madrid : Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, 201